Daily Precipitation Extremes in Iran: Decadal Anomalies and Possible Drivers

This study focuses on the empirical statistical analysis of the anomalies in daily precipitation extremes by applying the quantile perturbation method (QPM) to data from 31 Iranian weather stations during the period between 1961 and 2005. The possible causes behind the anomalies in precipitation extremes are identified by analyzing their relationship with the anomalies in eight atmospheric indices (i.e., NAO, SOI, PDO, AMO, NCP, DMI, WeMO, SSN). In terms of decadal oscillations, the country was generally wet in the 1960s and 1970s with most stations exhibiting periods of higher quantile perturbations, whereas lower quantile perturbations were dominant in the 1980s and 1990s. The highest perturbation in extreme precipitation quantiles prevails in Central Iran during the early 1980s, in which the quantiles are about 50% higher than the ones based on the full time series. The frequency of significant precipitation anomalies for winter season was greater than that for spring and autumn seasons. For the summer season, the humid region in North Iran demonstrates strong positive anomalies. The results highlight the noticeable role of large‐scale climatic factors in the anomalous behavior of precipitation extremes in Iran. The atmospheric drivers of the quantile anomalies in extreme precipitation were found to differ from one season to another.     

焦化项目大气污染特征及环境影响评价

以甘肃省酒泉市阿克塞哈萨克族自治县某焦化项目为案例，在分析其工艺流程和排污环节的基础上，利用AERMOD模型定量预测评价该焦化项目对区域大气环境质量的影响程度。预测结果表明：SO2，NO2，NH3，H2S的区域最大地面小时质量浓度占标率分别为15.8%，29.6%，16.8%，24.8%;SO2、NO2、苯并[a]芘、固体悬浮物（TSP）的区域最大日均质量浓度占标率分别为7.5%，11.4%，7.2%，95.8%;TSP最大日均质量浓度坐标点为（500，0），位于厂界内部，高浓度是由焦化厂低矮面源造成的，且浓度随距离消减得较快。     

Examination of the influence of phenyltrimethylammonium chloride (PTMA) concentration on acetochlor adsorption by modified montmorillonite

The results presented in this paper show an impact of the concentration of the aromatic organic cation on the adsorption of acetochlor on the surface of the organic-modified montmorillonite. Natural montmorillonite from Bogovina (Boljevac municipality, Serbia) was used for organic modification in this experiment. Cation exchange capacity of this montmorillonite (86 mmol 100 g^?1 of clay) was determined using the methylene blue method. In pretreatment, montmorillonite was modified with NaCl. For the purpose of organic modification, three different concentrations of phenyltrimethylammonium chloride (PTMA) have been selected, based on calculated CEC value: 43 mmol 100 g^?1 of clay (0.5 CEC), 86 mmol 100 g^?1 of clay (1 CEC) and 129 mmol 100 g^?1 of clay (1.5 CEC). The changes in the properties of the inorganic and organic modified montmorillonite were examined using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and batch equilibrium method. Freundlich coefficients show higher uptake of the herbicide by montmorillonite modified with PTMA, compared to inorganic-modified montmorillonite. The results also indicate the influence of the organic cation concentration on the adsorption of the selected herbicide.     

Cross-country electricity trade,renewable energy and European transmission infrastructure policy

This paper develops a multi-country multi-sector general equilibrium model, integrating high-frequency electricity dispatch and trade decisions, to study the effects of electricity transmission infrastructure (TI) expansion and renewable energy (RE) penetration in Europe for gains from trade and carbon dioxide emissions in the power sector. TI can benefit or degrade environmental outcomes, depending on RE penetration: it complements emissions abatement by mitigating dispatch problems associated with volatile and spatially dispersed RE but also promotes higher average generation from low-cost coal if RE production is too low. Against the backdrop of European decarbonization and planned TI expansion, we find that emissions increase for current and targeted year-2020 levels of RE production and decrease for year-2030 targets. Enhanced TI yields sizeable gains from trade that depend positively on RE penetration, without creating large adverse impacts on regional equity.     

金属有机骨架材料UiO-66的制备及其对溶液中NO_3~-的吸附

采用溶剂热法合成了金属有机骨架材料UiO-66。通过XRD、SEM、FTIR对其进行了表征。考察了UiO-66对溶液中NO_3~-的吸附性能。实验结果表明,加入冰乙酸作调节剂后,得到的UiO-66晶体形貌均匀,直径在100nm左右,结晶度更好。在初始溶液pH为5、反应温度为30℃的条件下,UiO-66吸附NO_3~-反应90 min后,吸附达到平衡,平衡吸附量为39.67 mg/g。UiO-66吸附NO_3~-的吸附行为符合Freundlich等温线和准二级动力学吸附模型。吸附作用主要是材料中金属位点Zr对NO_3~-的静电吸附。UiO-66材料具有良好的再生性能,可重复使用。     

天津-长岛区域有机氯污染物的相对化学组成与大气传输

为了研究持久性有机污染物(POPs)的区域分布、大气传输与来源,采用被动采样技术于2006年7月—2008年6月在山东长岛与天津同步采集大气样品.色谱/高分辨质谱(GC/HRMS)分析数据表明,有机氯污染物化学组成季节变化明显.天津-长岛区域的大气样品主要按照季节聚类,表现出有机氯污染的区域性特征.天津和长岛相距约400 km,两地化学组成的相似性归因于有效的大气扩散和长距离传输.同时,天津点位的源区特征,长岛渔港和船厂含DDTs船舶防污漆的使用作为一种重要的DDTs排放,在化学组成和聚类结果中,均得到了客观的反映.有机氯污染物相对化学组成可以作为一种“指纹”和“探针”技术,研究大气污染物的传输和区域分布.      

辽宁辽中县城郊地区大气污染物时空变化及来源特征

以辽中县水文站为辽宁省典型城郊地区大气背景站点,针对大气污染物,ρ(PM_2.5)和气象因子等进行了1年(2007年2月—2008年1月)的连续观测.研究了各污染物的浓度水平,日、季节变化以及来源特征.φ(O₃),φ(CO),φ(SO₂),φ(NO),φ(NO₂),φ(NO_x*),φ(NH₃)和ρ(PM_2.5)平均值分别为19.9×10-9,0.85×10-6,9.7×10-9,8.8×10-9,14.5×10-9,23.2×10-9,29.8×10-9和66.6 μg/m3. 除SO₂外,各污染物浓度水平均优于我国《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095—1996)的二级标准.φ(O₃)在日间达到最大值,一次污染物呈现双峰分布.从季节变化来看,φ(O₃)在夏季最高,春季最低.一次污染物如CO,SO₂,NO以及PM_2.5的浓度均在冬季达到最大值.地面监测的φ(O₃)和OMI卫星反演的NO₂ 柱浓度的变换趋势相同,但地面观测的φ(O₃)在春季明显低于柱浓度.后推气流轨迹分析结果表明,在φ(O₃)较高的夏、秋季,从东北地区和渤海湾起源的气流贡献最大.      

用苔藓氮含量和氮同位素值指示庐山大气氮沉降

对庐山风景区不同海拔高度(263～1 400 m)上31个石生苔藓(Haplocladium microphyllum)氮含量〔w(TN),以干质量计〕和氮同位素值(δ15N)进行了分析. 苔藓w(TN)与海拔高度(L_altitude)的关系〔w(TN)=3.11-7.85×10-4L_altitude〕表明,在庐山风景区,随着海拔高度的升高,苔藓w(TN)呈逐渐下降趋势. 根据前人研究的苔藓w(TN)与大气氮沉降量的定量关系,估算出庐山山顶和山脚的大气氮沉降量分别为24.61和41.72 kg/(hm2·a). 苔藓δ15N在-4‰～-2‰范围出现的频率最高,表明庐山风景区大气氮沉降主要来源于农业或自然土壤中氮的释放.      

基于无线电探空资料反演大气水汽资源的垂直层结特征

利用1999-2009年的探空资料分析北京地区对流层大气水汽资源的垂直层结特征,采用韦伯和指数分布拟合大气水汽密度的概率密度函数。初步结果表明,各层拟合均通过卡方拟合优度检验,拟合相关系数高,精度高,均方根误差小;韦伯和指数拟合平均相关系数分别为0.93、0.95;拟合均方根误差分别为0.009、 0.01 g/m³,北京地区大气水汽资源的垂直分布符合指数分布规律;有降水时,对流层水汽密度有一定的垂直层状结构,无降水时,水汽密度随高度增加递减。     

北京及周边地区大气近地面层真菌气溶胶的变化特征

2005年4月~2006年10月期间,利用Andersen六级空气生物采样器分别在北京、兴隆和香河3地区不同的季节进行外场采样观测,研究了大城市及其周边地区近地面层大气中真菌气溶胶菌群种类与浓度,粒度的季节变化规律及其分布特征.研究发现,3地区大气中真菌气溶胶的生物多样性变化明显,其优势菌群类型的季节变化显著;3地区大气真菌气溶胶数浓度的季节变化规律各不相同;北京市大气中真菌气溶胶数浓度的日变化显著,但未发现固定模式.